23.2 °C average · 10.8 h sun · mostly dry
air ≈ 9h each way by air · 970 kg CO₂e return
Why: Best fit for your choices: averaging 23.2 °C with 10.8 h of sun a day, mostly dry.
But: Longer to reach: ≈ 9h each way by air.
Plan this trip →Photo: Vyacheslav Argenberg, CC BY 4.0
17.3 °C average · 9.2 h sun · mostly dry · sea 18.2 °C
air ≈ 5h 30m each way by air · 379 kg CO₂e return
Why: Quickest and least carbon of the three: ≈ 5h 30m each way by air, 379 kg CO₂e return.
But: 5.9 °C cooler than the best match, averaging 17.3 °C.
Plan this trip →Photo: Jose M Martin Jimenez, CC BY-SA 2.0
22.3 °C average · 9.9 h sun · mostly dry · sea 25.3 °C
air ≈ 8h 30m each way by air · 886 kg CO₂e return
Why: Also fits your choices: averaging 22.3 °C with 9.9 h of sun a day.
But: Longer to reach: ≈ 8h 30m each way by air.
Plan this trip →Photo: Sana Janakat, CC BY-SA 4.0Compare these side by side and send them to someone →
Among 503 well-known places with a page here. Weather is the historical daily mean for the month (2023–2024), across day and night; ≈ is a modelled journey time, ✓ a rail journey checked against a timetable. Places whose access could not be confirmed are never recommended. How it works.
International rail emits 0.01135 kg CO₂e per passenger-kilometre against 0.12576 for a short-haul economy flight — 11 times less. 0xCarbon applies the UK Government's 2026 emission factors to 2,723 destinations across 46 countries, then shows which ones give the most of what you actually want — warmth, sunshine — for the least carbon, from 32 departure cities across 16 countries in every month of the year. Where a destination has no measured climate it is left out rather than estimated: 0 candidates are held back for that reason.
The November list in full, with the carbon trade-off: warmest places from London in November. Photos: Tanya Dedyukhina, CC BY 3.0; Marc Ryckaert, CC BY 3.0; Vyacheslav Argenberg, CC BY 4.0; JUAN RAMON RODRIGUEZ SOSA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Averages are historical daily means (2023–2024), across day and night. Warm in November from elsewhere in the UK: Manchester · Birmingham · Glasgow · Edinburgh · Bristol · Leeds.
By rail or ferry By air
What the 15-hour limit costs: at this budget Sagunto can only be reached by air — 331 kg CO₂e, in 5h 18m. Allow up to 24 hours and the train does the same journey for 38.8 kg in 17h 6m — 9× less carbon for 11h 48m more travelling.
| Destination | How | CO₂e return | Temp | Sun/day | Rain/day | Journey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calais, France | Rail | 4.5 kg | 9.1 °C | 3.5 h | 3.8 mm | 5h 24m |
| Le Havre, France | Rail | 6.6 kg | 9.9 °C | 3.8 h | 5.2 mm | 7h 36m |
| St-Malo, France | Rail | 10.2 kg | 11.5 °C | 4.1 h | 4.4 mm | 8h 48m |
| La Teste-de-Buch, France | Rail | 22.7 kg | 12.6 °C | 6.3 h | 5.6 mm | 9h 12m |
| Donostia / San Sebastian, Spain | Rail | 27.2 kg | 13.9 °C | 6.1 h | 6.3 mm | 11h 36m |
| Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Spain | Rail | 32.7 kg | 14.7 °C | 7.4 h | 1.6 mm | 13h 24m |
| Sagunto, Spain | Air | 331 kg | 16.1 °C | 8.4 h | 1.7 mm | 5h 18m |
| Ibiza Town, Spain | Air | 354 kg | 17.9 °C | 8.7 h | 1.1 mm | 5h 24m |
| Monastir, Tunisia | Air | 491 kg | 18.8 °C | 9.3 h | 0.8 mm | 6h 6m |
| Houmt Souk, Tunisia | Air | 541 kg | 20.3 °C | 9.6 h | 0.4 mm | 6h 24m |
| Taroudant, Morocco | Air | 616 kg | 22.2 °C | 9.6 h | 0.2 mm | 6h 48m |
| Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt | Air | 909 kg | 24.6 °C | 10.3 h | 0.0 mm | 8h 42m |
Every answer is computed in advance; changing departure city fetches that city's precomputed set. How the numbers are made.
The tool above answers one city at a time. This is all 32 at once, in both questions, for November — the month the warmth question bites hardest — with journeys of up to 15 hours each way. Each destination is the best answer available from that city — nowhere else is both better and lower-carbon.
Every other month and journey length is precomputed too — browse by departure city.
Nothing on this site is an estimate of an estimate. Each column above has one published source and one vintage, and both are stated here so a figure can be checked without taking our word for it.
| Quantity | Source | Detail and vintage |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature, sunshine, rainfall | ERA5 reanalysis, via Open-Meteo | Daily means over 2023–2024, averaged by calendar month. CC BY 4.0. |
| Sea temperature | NOAA OISST v2.1 | Every fifth day of 2023–2024, averaged by calendar month, at the nearest open sea within 25 km. Public domain. |
| CO₂e by air | UK Government (DESNZ/DEFRA) GHG conversion factors 2026 | 0.12576 short-haul, 0.11704 long-haul, 0.22928 UK domestic kg per passenger-km, radiative forcing included. OGL v3.0. |
| CO₂e by rail and ferry | UK Government (DESNZ/DEFRA) GHG conversion factors 2026 | 0.01135 international rail, 0.03092 UK national rail, 0.01871 foot-passenger ferry kg per passenger-km. OGL v3.0. |
| Journey time | Modelled here, not timetabled | Rail through 119 timetabled hubs, 1.1 h per change, within 8% of every journey checked on a real timetable; 750 km/h air plus 3.5 h airport overhead. Still the weakest part of the model. |
| Places, coordinates, population | GeoNames | Settlements over 20,000 people, at least 150 km away. CC BY 4.0. |
Every one of the 2,723 settlements that clear the size and distance filters carries twelve months of climate data, so none is excluded for want of it. The full method, including what it does badly, is written out separately.
A mild Atlantic winter can be relentlessly grey; a colder inland month can be bright and dry. Ranking on temperature alone sends people somewhere wet, so every table here carries sunshine hours and rainfall next to the degrees, and the site answers warmest, sunniest and coolest as separate questions.
Within Europe, buying a better month is cheap in carbon terms: the extra distance is small and often on rails. Then the mainland runs out. The next improvement available is across open water, reachable only by air, and the price jumps by an order of magnitude. The cliff is not a quirk of the model — it is the shape of the map.
A journey is only part of a trip's carbon, and on a rail trip it is usually the smaller part. The same UK Government factor set prices a hotel room by country — a national average per occupied room, not any particular hotel — and across every frontier this site computes, 7 nights in one room outweighs one person's rail journey 81% of the time, by a median of 2.5×. Two sharing the room halve that share each; the journey does not halve. Take the train to Calais above — 4.5 kg — and 7 nights there adds 46.9 kg — 10.4× the journey itself. Fly to Sharm el-Sheikh and it inverts: 909 kg to arrive, 309 kg to stay the week.
Which is the point of putting it here. If you take the train, where you sleep becomes the biggest number in the trip — so it is worth choosing.
| Country | kg CO₂e per night | 7 nights |
|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | 6.6 | 46.2 |
| France | 6.7 | 46.9 |
| Spain | 7.0 | 49.0 |
| United Kingdom | 10.4 | 72.8 |
| Belgium | 12.2 | 85.4 |
| Germany | 13.2 | 92.4 |
| Italy | 14.3 | 100 |
| The Netherlands | 14.8 | 104 |
| Portugal | 19.0 | 133 |
| Turkey | 32.1 | 225 |
| Egypt | 44.2 | 309 |
| Jordan | 68.9 | 482 |
DEFRA publishes hotel factors for 38 countries and no more, so Morocco, Greece, Poland and the Nordics have none. Where there is no factor the site says nothing rather than borrowing a neighbour's.
Places to stay in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on a live map. Prices and availability come from Stay22 and its booking partners.
Search places to stay in Sharm el-Sheikh →Opens the booking search in a new tab. Same partners as the map below.
Affiliate disclosure. A booking made through this map may earn 0xCarbon a commission, at no extra cost to you. It changes nothing above it: the emissions figures come from UK Government conversion factors and are computed before anyone is paid anything.See the method.
International rail emits 0.01135 kg CO₂e per passenger-kilometre. A short-haul economy flight emits 0.12576 kg including radiative forcing — 11 times more. Both are UK Government (DESNZ/DEFRA) 2026 conversion factors.
On a rail journey, usually yes — for one person in one room. UK Government 2026 factors price a hotel room at 6.6 kg CO2e per night in Switzerland and 7 in Spain, so 7 nights is roughly 49 kg. Across every frontier 0xCarbon computes, 7 nights in one room outweighs one person's rail journey to reach it 81% of the time, by a median of 2.5 times. Flying inverts it: a return flight from London to the Canary Islands is 909 kg against about 49 kg for the week's stay. Share the room and the stay halves per person; the journey does not.
Usually not. Temperature and sunshine hours come apart, particularly on Atlantic coasts in winter, where mild weather is often overcast. 0xCarbon computes both separately and shows temperature, sunshine and rainfall side by side.
Every figure here derives from published sources and the whole dataset is downloadable under CC BY 4.0. If you are writing about travel emissions or building something that needs them, take the data — attribution is all that is asked. The method is written out in full, including what it does badly.
