Siena
Reaching Siena from Rome emits 5.5 kg CO₂e return by rail (4h 30m each way) against 46.7 kg by air — 8× the carbon. It averages 26.2 °C in July and 6.3 °C in January.
Getting there
| From | Distance | By rail | Rail time | By air | Air time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amsterdam | 1,115 km | 32.9 kg | 17h 18m | 280 kg | 5h |
| Barcelona | 783 km | 23.1 kg | 12h 42m | 197 kg | 4h 30m |
| Berlin | 1,035 km | 30.5 kg | 16h 12m | 260 kg | 4h 54m |
| Birmingham | 1,414 km | 50.0 kg | 21h 18m | 356 kg | 5h 24m |
| Bristol | 1,381 km | 50.7 kg | 21h 30m | 347 kg | 5h 18m |
| Brussels | 989 km | 29.2 kg | 15h 30m | 249 kg | 4h 48m |
| Cardiff | 1,416 km | 53.9 kg | 22h | 356 kg | 5h 24m |
| Copenhagen | 1,377 km | 40.6 kg | 20h 48m | 346 kg | 5h 18m |
| Dublin | 1,703 km | — | — | 428 kg | 5h 48m |
| Edinburgh | 1,744 km | 79.8 kg | 26h 24m | 439 kg | 5h 48m |
| Frankfurt | 782 km | 23.1 kg | 12h 42m | 197 kg | 4h 30m |
| Glasgow | 1,783 km | 81.6 kg | 26h 42m | 448 kg | 5h 54m |
| Leeds | 1,497 km | 58.8 kg | 22h 48m | 377 kg | 5h 30m |
| Lisbon | 1,787 km | 52.7 kg | 26h 30m | 450 kg | 5h 54m |
| Liverpool | 1,536 km | 60.0 kg | 23h | 386 kg | 5h 30m |
| London | 1,251 km | 36.9 kg | 19h 6m | 315 kg | 5h 12m |
| Madrid | 1,284 km | 37.9 kg | 19h 36m | 323 kg | 5h 12m |
| Manchester | 1,505 km | 58.0 kg | 22h 42m | 379 kg | 5h 30m |
| Milan | 293 km | 8.6 kg | 6h | 73.7 kg | 3h 54m |
| Munich | 536 km | 15.8 kg | 9h 18m | 135 kg | 4h 12m |
| Newcastle | 1,596 km | 68.9 kg | 24h 36m | 402 kg | 5h 36m |
| Nottingham | 1,412 km | 51.0 kg | 21h 30m | 355 kg | 5h 24m |
| Oslo | 1,846 km | 54.5 kg | 27h 18m | 464 kg | 6h |
| Paris | 926 km | 27.3 kg | 14h 42m | 233 kg | 4h 42m |
| Prague | 789 km | 23.3 kg | 12h 48m | 198 kg | 4h 36m |
| Rome | 186 km | 5.5 kg | 4h 30m | 46.7 kg | 3h 42m |
| Sheffield | 1,461 km | 55.2 kg | 22h 12m | 367 kg | 5h 24m |
| Southampton | 1,278 km | 45.9 kg | 20h 36m | 321 kg | 5h 12m |
| Stockholm | 1,839 km | 54.3 kg | 27h 12m | 463 kg | 6h |
| Vienna | 669 km | 19.8 kg | 11h 12m | 168 kg | 4h 24m |
| Warsaw | 1,225 km | 36.1 kg | 18h 48m | 308 kg | 5h 6m |
| Zurich | 500 km | 14.7 kg | 8h 48m | 126 kg | 4h 12m |
The year in Siena
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp °C | 6.3 | 7.4 | 10.3 | 12.1 | 16.2 | 20.8 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 20.0 | 17.0 | 10.1 | 6.3 |
| Sun h/day | 6.4 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.4 |
| Rain mm/day | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
When to go
Siena is warmest in July at 26.2 °C, and that is also its brightest month. Its coldest is January at 6.3 °C.
Staying there
A hotel room in Italy emits about 14.3 kg CO₂e per night under UK Government 2026 factors, so a week adds roughly 100 kg — about 18.2× the carbon of getting there by rail from Rome.
How busy it gets
Siena records 24.6 overnight stays per resident a year (6,373,801 nights in 2025). A well-visited region, busy in season but not overwhelmed.
Eurostat, nights spent at tourist accommodation by NUTS 3 region, against resident population. Shown for context only — it plays no part in which destinations appear or in what order. Eurostat does not cover the United Kingdom after 2016, nor North Africa or the Levant at all, so this figure is absent for roughly a third of the destinations here.
Where to stay in Siena
Places to stay in Siena, Italy, on a live map. Prices and availability come from Stay22 and its booking partners.
Affiliate disclosure. A booking made through this map may earn 0xCarbon a commission, at no extra cost to you. It changes nothing above it: the emissions figures come from UK Government conversion factors and are computed before anyone is paid anything.See the method.
Distances are great-circle. Rail assumes international rail at 0.01135 kg CO₂e per passenger-km with a 1.3× track detour allowance; flights use 0.12576 kg per passenger-km including radiative forcing. Journey times are modelled, not timetabled. Full method.