Siena
Reaching Siena from London emits 36.9 kg CO₂e return by rail (16h 54m each way) against 315 kg by air — 9× the carbon. It averages 26.2 °C in July and 6.3 °C in January.
Siena is a walled city in Tuscany, known for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and a colourful horse race, Il Palio, conducted twice each year in the summer. — Wikivoyage, CC BY-SA 4.0
When to go: Siena is warmest in July (26.2 °C); coldest in January (6.3 °C). Month by month
Getting there
| From | Distance | By rail | Rail time | By air | Air time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amsterdam | 1,115 km | 32.9 kg | 17h 18m | 280 kg | 5h |
| Barcelona | 783 km | 23.1 kg | 13h 18m | 197 kg | 4h 30m |
| Berlin | 1,035 km | 30.5 kg | 14h 12m | 260 kg | 4h 54m |
| Birmingham | 1,414 km | 50.0 kg | 19h 42m | 356 kg | 5h 24m |
| Bristol | 1,381 km | 50.7 kg | 19h 54m | 347 kg | 5h 18m |
| Brussels | 989 km | 29.2 kg | 15h 24m | 249 kg | 4h 48m |
| Cardiff | 1,416 km | 53.9 kg | 20h 12m | 356 kg | 5h 24m |
| Copenhagen | 1,377 km | 40.6 kg | 21h 54m | 346 kg | 5h 18m |
| Dublin | 1,703 km | — | — | 428 kg | 5h 48m |
| Edinburgh | 1,744 km | 79.8 kg | 22h 42m | 439 kg | 5h 48m |
| Frankfurt | 782 km | 23.1 kg | 13h | 197 kg | 4h 30m |
| Glasgow | 1,783 km | 81.6 kg | 22h 48m | 448 kg | 5h 54m |
| Leeds | 1,497 km | 58.8 kg | 20h 30m | 377 kg | 5h 30m |
| Lisbon | 1,787 km | 52.7 kg | 27h 48m | 450 kg | 5h 54m |
| Liverpool | 1,536 km | 60.0 kg | 20h 30m | 386 kg | 5h 30m |
| London | 1,251 km | 36.9 kg | 16h 54m | 315 kg | 5h 12m |
| Madrid | 1,284 km | 37.9 kg | 16h 24m | 323 kg | 5h 12m |
| Manchester | 1,505 km | 58.0 kg | 20h 24m | 379 kg | 5h 30m |
| Milan | 293 km | 8.6 kg | 4h 30m | 73.7 kg | 3h 54m |
| Munich | 536 km | 15.8 kg | 9h 42m | 135 kg | 4h 12m |
| Newcastle | 1,596 km | 68.9 kg | 21h 12m | 402 kg | 5h 36m |
| Nottingham | 1,412 km | 51.0 kg | 20h | 355 kg | 5h 24m |
| Oslo | 1,846 km | 54.5 kg | 28h 42m | 464 kg | 6h |
| Paris | 926 km | 27.3 kg | 12h 36m | 233 kg | 4h 42m |
| Prague | 789 km | 23.3 kg | 13h 24m | 198 kg | 4h 36m |
| Rome | 186 km | 5.5 kg | 4h 12m | 46.7 kg | 3h 42m |
| Sheffield | 1,461 km | 55.2 kg | 20h 18m | 367 kg | 5h 24m |
| Southampton | 1,278 km | 45.9 kg | 19h 36m | 321 kg | 5h 12m |
| Stockholm | 1,839 km | 54.3 kg | 26h 48m | 463 kg | 6h |
| Vienna | 669 km | 19.8 kg | 11h 36m | 168 kg | 4h 24m |
| Warsaw | 1,225 km | 36.1 kg | 19h 12m | 308 kg | 5h 6m |
| Zurich | 500 km | 14.7 kg | 8h 54m | 126 kg | 4h 12m |
The year in Siena
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp °C | 6.3 | 7.4 | 10.3 | 12.1 | 16.2 | 20.8 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 20.0 | 17.0 | 10.1 | 6.3 |
| Sun h/day | 6.4 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.4 |
| Rain mm/day | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
When to go
Siena is warmest in July at 26.2 °C, and that is also its brightest month. Its coldest is January at 6.3 °C.
Three months worth booking
The same year of measurements, decided rather than tabulated. Each opens the map below on dates in that month.
Staying there
A hotel room in Italy emits about 14.3 kg CO₂e per night under UK Government 2026 factors — a country average per occupied room, not this or any particular hotel. 7 nights in one room adds roughly 100 kg — about 18.2× the carbon of one person getting there by rail from Rome. Two sharing the room halve that share each; the journey does not halve.
How busy it gets
Siena records 24.6 overnight stays per resident a year (6,373,801 nights in 2025). A well-visited region, busy in season but not overwhelmed.
Eurostat, nights spent at tourist accommodation by NUTS 3 region, against resident population. Shown for context only — it plays no part in which destinations appear or in what order. Eurostat does not cover the United Kingdom after 2016, nor North Africa or the Levant at all, so this figure is absent for roughly a third of the destinations here.
Where to stay in Siena
Places to stay in Siena, Italy, on a live map. Prices and availability come from Stay22 and its booking partners.
Search places to stay in Siena →Opens the booking search in a new tab. Same partners as the map below.
Affiliate disclosure. A booking made through this map may earn 0xCarbon a commission, at no extra cost to you. It changes nothing above it: the emissions figures come from UK Government conversion factors and are computed before anyone is paid anything.See the method.
Distances are great-circle. Rail assumes international rail at 0.01135 kg CO₂e per passenger-km with a 1.3× track detour allowance; flights use 0.12576 kg per passenger-km including radiative forcing. Journey times are modelled, not timetabled. Full method.