Rotterdam
Reaching Rotterdam from London emits 9.5 kg CO₂e return by rail (6h 24m each way) against 80.6 kg by air — 8× the carbon. It averages 18.6 °C in August and 4.9 °C in January.
Getting there
| From | Distance | By rail | Rail time | By air | Air time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barcelona | 1,184 km | 35.0 kg | 18h 12m | 298 kg | 5h 6m |
| Berlin | 612 km | 18.0 kg | 10h 24m | 154 kg | 4h 18m |
| Birmingham | 439 km | 22.5 kg | 8h 36m | 110 kg | 4h 6m |
| Bristol | 490 km | 23.2 kg | 8h 42m | 123 kg | 4h 12m |
| Cardiff | 530 km | 26.5 kg | 9h 18m | 133 kg | 4h 12m |
| Copenhagen | 675 km | 19.9 kg | 11h 12m | 170 kg | 4h 24m |
| Dublin | 740 km | — | — | 186 kg | 4h 30m |
| Edinburgh | 673 km | 52.4 kg | 13h 42m | 169 kg | 4h 24m |
| Frankfurt | 356 km | 10.5 kg | 6h 54m | 89.6 kg | 4h |
| Glasgow | 720 km | 54.1 kg | 14h | 181 kg | 4h 30m |
| Leeds | 455 km | 31.3 kg | 10h 6m | 114 kg | 4h 6m |
| Lisbon | 1,807 km | 53.3 kg | 26h 42m | 455 kg | 5h 54m |
| Liverpool | 529 km | 32.5 kg | 10h 18m | 133 kg | 4h 12m |
| London | 321 km | 9.5 kg | 6h 24m | 80.6 kg | 3h 54m |
| Madrid | 1,424 km | 42.0 kg | 21h 30m | 358 kg | 5h 24m |
| Manchester | 484 km | 30.5 kg | 10h | 122 kg | 4h 6m |
| Milan | 797 km | 23.5 kg | 12h 54m | 200 kg | 4h 36m |
| Munich | 658 km | 19.4 kg | 11h | 166 kg | 4h 24m |
| Newcastle | 527 km | 41.4 kg | 11h 48m | 133 kg | 4h 12m |
| Nottingham | 398 km | 23.6 kg | 8h 48m | 100 kg | 4h |
| Oslo | 969 km | 28.6 kg | 15h 18m | 244 kg | 4h 48m |
| Paris | 373 km | 11.0 kg | 7h 6m | 93.9 kg | 4h |
| Prague | 724 km | 21.4 kg | 11h 54m | 182 kg | 4h 30m |
| Rome | 1,270 km | 37.5 kg | 19h 24m | 319 kg | 5h 12m |
| Sheffield | 432 km | 27.7 kg | 9h 30m | 109 kg | 4h 6m |
| Southampton | 423 km | 18.4 kg | 7h 54m | 107 kg | 4h 6m |
| Stockholm | 1,182 km | 34.9 kg | 18h 12m | 297 kg | 5h 6m |
| Vienna | 942 km | 27.8 kg | 14h 54m | 237 kg | 4h 48m |
| Warsaw | 1,128 km | 33.3 kg | 17h 24m | 284 kg | 5h |
| Zurich | 585 km | 17.3 kg | 10h | 147 kg | 4h 18m |
The year in Rotterdam
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temp °C | 4.9 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 13.9 | 17.2 | 18.0 | 18.6 | 17.1 | 13.1 | 7.9 | 6.6 |
| Sun h/day | 3.9 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
| Rain mm/day | 3.2 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 3.3 |
When to go
Rotterdam is warmest in August at 18.6 °C but brightest in June, averaging 12.5 hours of sun a day — the two do not always coincide, which is worth knowing before booking. Its coldest is January at 4.9 °C.
Staying there
A hotel room in The Netherlands emits about 14.8 kg CO₂e per night under UK Government 2026 factors, so a week adds roughly 104 kg — about 10.9× the carbon of getting there by rail from London.
How busy it gets
Groot-Rijnmond records 4.7 overnight stays per resident a year (7,108,552 nights in 2024). Comparatively quiet by European standards.
Eurostat, nights spent at tourist accommodation by NUTS 3 region, against resident population. Shown for context only — it plays no part in which destinations appear or in what order. Eurostat does not cover the United Kingdom after 2016, nor North Africa or the Levant at all, so this figure is absent for roughly a third of the destinations here.
Where to stay in Rotterdam
Places to stay in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, on a live map. Prices and availability come from Stay22 and its booking partners.
Affiliate disclosure. A booking made through this map may earn 0xCarbon a commission, at no extra cost to you. It changes nothing above it: the emissions figures come from UK Government conversion factors and are computed before anyone is paid anything.See the method.
Distances are great-circle. Rail assumes international rail at 0.01135 kg CO₂e per passenger-km with a 1.3× track detour allowance; flights use 0.12576 kg per passenger-km including radiative forcing. Journey times are modelled, not timetabled. Full method.